A. Concepts
Insurance transfers the risk of loss from an individual or business entity to an insurance company, which in turn spreads the costs of unexpected losses to many individuals. If there were no insurance mechanism, the cost of a loss would have to be borne solely by the individual who suffered the loss.
1. Risk Management Key Terms
Risk
Risk is the uncertainty or chance of a loss occurring. The two types of risks are pure and speculative, only one of which is insurable.
- Pure risk refers to situations that can only result in a loss or no change. There is no opportunity for financial gain. Pure risk is the only type of risk that insurance companies are willing to accept.
- Speculative risk involves the opportunity for either loss or gain. An example of speculative risk is gambling. These types of risks are not insurable.
Hazard
Hazards are conditions or situations that increase the probability of an insured loss occurring. Conditions such as slippery floors, or congested traffic are hazards and may increase the chance of a loss occurring. Hazards are classified as physical hazards, moral hazards; or morale hazards.
- Physical hazards are those arising from the material, structural, or operational features of the risk, apart from the persons owning or managing it.
- Moral hazards refer to those applicants that may lie on an application for insurance, or in the past, have submitted fraudulent claims against an insurer.
- Morale hazard refers to an increase in the hazard presented by a risk, arising from the insured's indifference to loss because of the existence of insurance. (e.g. I'm not going to bother fixing this. If it breaks my insurance will pay to replace it.)
A.概念
保险将个人或商业实体的损失风险转移给保险公司，而保险公司又将意外损失的成本分摊给许多个人。如果没有保险机制，损失的费用必须由遭受损失的个人承担。
1.风险管理关键术语
风险 - 风险是发生损失的不确定性或可能性。这两种风险是纯粹的和投机性的，其中只有一种是可保险的。
纯风险是指只会导致亏损或无变化的情况, 没有机会获得经济利益。纯风险是保险公司愿意接受的唯一风险类型。
投机风险涉及损失或获利的机会。投机风险的一个例子是赌博。这些类型的风险是不可保险的。
危害/危险 - 是增加保险损失发生概率的条件或情况。诸如湿滑的地板或拥挤的交通等条件是危险的，并且可能增加发生损失的机会。危害分为物理危害，道德风险;或士气的危害。
物理危险是指除了拥有或管理风险之外的风险的物质，结构或操作特征。
道德风险是指那些可能在申请保险上的申请人，或者过去曾向保险公司提交过欺诈性索赔的申请人。
士气/情绪危险-是指由于保险的存在而使被保险人对损失漠不关心所引起的风险所带来的风险增加。 （例如，我不打算解决这个问题。如果它破了我的保险将支付更换它。）因为有保险，所以就可以去随便撞人吗？